The carbon trade came about in response to the Kyoto Protocol. Signed in Kyoto, Japan, by some 180 countries in December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol calls for 38 industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions between the years 2008 to 2012 to levels that are 5.2% lower than those of 1990.
Carbon is an element stored in fossil fuels such as coal and oil. When these fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released and acts as what we term a "greenhouse gas".
The idea behind carbon trading is quite similar to the trading of securities or commodities in a marketplace. Carbon would be given an economic value, allowing people, companies or nations to trade it. If a nation bought carbon, it would be buying the rights to burn it, and a nation selling carbon would be giving up its rights to burn it. The value of the carbon would be based on the ability of the country owning the carbon to store it or to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. (The better you are at storing it, the more you can charge for it.)
A market would be created to facilitate the buying and selling of the rights to emit greenhouse gases. The industrialized nations for which reducing emissions is a daunting task could buy the emission rights from another nation whose industries do not produce as much of these gases. The market for carbon is possible because the goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce emissions as a collective.
On the one hand, carbon trading seems like a win-win situation: greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced while some countries reap economic benefit. On the other hand, critics of the idea suspect that some countries will exploit the trading system and the consequences will be negative. While carbon trading may have its merits, debate over this type of market is inevitable, since it involves finding a compromise between profit, equality and ecological concerns.
Saturday, November 15, 2008
Peolpe who think money
Peolpe who think money is their own,or wealth is their rich ness are not investing in new technologies.Hence the production of power,cement,petrolium refinary,and steel are still creating hazordous heat gases and dust,thus polluting environment and lands.Bauxite extraction is another source for limiting water sources in the near by areas.Another funny thing is like dunping chemical treated waste in the Gulf of Camby[Off Gujarat coast] through a pipeline of 10 kilometers,thus killing the fish and spoiling waters.
The extent of damages from newclear power plants to the environment needs to be assessed.
Well the flying car,or the small flying cab will be a future part of human living so that the middle class also have some thing at par the big for commuting to work,and to get good living conditions.
The extent of damages from newclear power plants to the environment needs to be assessed.
Well the flying car,or the small flying cab will be a future part of human living so that the middle class also have some thing at par the big for commuting to work,and to get good living conditions.
Quantifying changes in soil
Quantifying changes in soil microbial biomass and mineralizable C and N is important in understanding the dynamics of the active soil C and N pools. Our objectives were to quantify long-term and seasonal changes in soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), and mineralizable C and N in continuous sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and sorghum-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sequences under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) with and without N fertilization. A Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in south-central Texas was sampled after planting in April, during flowering in June, and following sorghum harvest in August. More crop residue C input was retained as SOC and SMBC under NT than under CT. Soil organic C, SMBC, SMBN, and mineralizable C and N were greatest at a depth of 0 to 50 mm under NT. Mineralizable C and SMBC averaged 18% greater in rotation than in monoculture, probably due to greater C input via crop roots and residues in rotation and a shorter fallow. Mineralizable N with N fertilization was 36% greater in continuous sorghum but not different in rotated sorghum. Mineralizable C and SMBC increased an average of 5%, but mineralizable N decreased 41% from planting to flowering, probably due to rhizodeposition. From planting to post-harvest, mineralizable C and SMBC increased 9% but mineralizable N decreased 15% due to crop residue addition. Soil N availability was reduced by plant additions in the short term but enhanced in the long term.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
To characterize soil CO2 under different forest types and several years after a clear-cut harvest, soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations were measured at three sites in Maine: the Howland Integrated Forest Study (HIFS) site, the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) site, and the Letter E township (Letter E) site. Soil CO2 evolution means ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 g m–2 h–1 among sites, whereas soil air CO2 concentration means ranged from 1023 µL L–1 for the O horizon to 3296 µL L–1 for the C horizon for the 1990 growing season. Soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations were similar under deciduous and coniferous forests and 4 to 6 yr after harvest. Limited multiple-year data suggest that significant annual variations in temporal patterns of these properties exist as a function of short-term climatic factors. These data suggest that soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations may be somewhat similar across a diversity of soil types, forest types, and forest conditions at any point in time for northern New England.
To characterize soil CO2 under different forest types and several years after a clear-cut harvest, soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations were measured at three sites in Maine: the Howland Integrated Forest Study (HIFS) site, the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) site, and the Letter E township (Letter E) site. Soil CO2 evolution means ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 g m–2 h–1 among sites, whereas soil air CO2 concentration means ranged from 1023 µL L–1 for the O horizon to 3296 µL L–1 for the C horizon for the 1990 growing season. Soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations were similar under deciduous and coniferous forests and 4 to 6 yr after harvest. Limited multiple-year data suggest that significant annual variations in temporal patterns of these properties exist as a function of short-term climatic factors. These data suggest that soil CO2 evolution and soil air CO2 concentrations may be somewhat similar across a diversity of soil types, forest types, and forest conditions at any point in time for northern New England.
Rainforest Action Network
Rainforest Action Network (RAN) praised the decision of logging company AbitibiBowater—the largest paper company in the world—to stop logging on the traditional territory of the Grassy Narrows First Nation. The logging company is the last to cease operations in the million-acre Whiskey Jack Forest that comprises Grassy Narrows traditional territory. Its decision comes in the wake of decades of lawsuits and peaceful protests by the people of Grassy Narrows, including the longest standing logging blockade in North America.
Since 2003, RAN has worked with the Grassy Narrows community to pressure U.S. companies Weyerhaeuser Corp. and Boise Inc. to drop their logging contracts with AbitibiBowater for wood obtained from Grassy Narrows land. In February, following a RAN day of action, Boise agreed to suspend its contract unless community consent could be established. AbitibiBowater’s withdrawal will also force primary customer Weyerhaeuser to stop sourcing wood from the area.
Since 2003, RAN has worked with the Grassy Narrows community to pressure U.S. companies Weyerhaeuser Corp. and Boise Inc. to drop their logging contracts with AbitibiBowater for wood obtained from Grassy Narrows land. In February, following a RAN day of action, Boise agreed to suspend its contract unless community consent could be established. AbitibiBowater’s withdrawal will also force primary customer Weyerhaeuser to stop sourcing wood from the area.
About Forest Echo Farm
About Forest Echo Farm
Forest Echo Farm is dedicated to the simple life. No power lines cross our property, no electricity reaches our cabins. We have no blaring televisions to distract us from the sound of the wind in the leaves, no telephones to call us back to the whirl of modern life. But that does not mean we are without any of the comforts of civilization.
Each cabin has hot and cold running water, a gas stove for cooking, gas lights and even a propane-powered refrigerator. The cabins are rustic, but clean and airy. The luxuries at Forest Echo Farm are not inside the cabins; they are found in the light that fills the forest in late afternoon, the silence of an evening canoe on Tiny Pond and the moonlit sparkle of dewdrops at midnight.
Forest Echo Farm is a community, with a unique history. We are dedicated to preserving our land, maintaining a balance between our human presence and the natural character of each tree and mountain stream. Through the Vermont Land Trust, we have set aside 80% of our land to ensure that it will never be developed.
Forest Echo Farm is dedicated to the simple life. No power lines cross our property, no electricity reaches our cabins. We have no blaring televisions to distract us from the sound of the wind in the leaves, no telephones to call us back to the whirl of modern life. But that does not mean we are without any of the comforts of civilization.
Each cabin has hot and cold running water, a gas stove for cooking, gas lights and even a propane-powered refrigerator. The cabins are rustic, but clean and airy. The luxuries at Forest Echo Farm are not inside the cabins; they are found in the light that fills the forest in late afternoon, the silence of an evening canoe on Tiny Pond and the moonlit sparkle of dewdrops at midnight.
Forest Echo Farm is a community, with a unique history. We are dedicated to preserving our land, maintaining a balance between our human presence and the natural character of each tree and mountain stream. Through the Vermont Land Trust, we have set aside 80% of our land to ensure that it will never be developed.
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